Pop-up advertisements experienced a remarkable ascension in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly straightforward way for businesses to reach a large audience. Driven by their noticeable visibility, these intrusive windows became ubiquitous across the web , generating sub

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis examines the diverse tactics employed by fraudsters and reveals their impact on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By evaluating various illegitimate practices across